import pathlib

import pandas as pd
import pathlib
from pathlib import Path
import imagehash

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

# plotting modules
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

import plotly as plotly
plotly.offline.init_notebook_mode()
from PIL import Image

data_folder = pathlib.Path('../../../../../Downloads/datasets/plant-disease')

def create_image_dataframe(folder):
    data = {'ImagePath': [], 'ClassLabel': [], 'ImageName': [], 'ImagePhash': []}
    
    for class_folder in Path(folder).iterdir():
        if class_folder.is_dir():
            for img_path in class_folder.iterdir():
                img_name = img_path.name
                try:
                    img = Image.open(img_path)
                    img_phash = str(imagehash.phash(img))
                except Exception as e:
                    img_phash = None

                data['ImagePath'].append(img_path)
                data['ClassLabel'].append(class_folder.name)
                data['ImageName'].append(img_name)
                data['ImagePhash'].append(img_phash)
    
    return pd.DataFrame(data)

df = create_image_dataframe(data_folder)

df

#save the dataframe to a csv file
df.to_csv('plant_id_with_phash.csv', index=False)

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 128082 entries, 0 to 128081
Data columns (total 4 columns):
 #   Column      Non-Null Count   Dtype 
---  ------      --------------   ----- 
 0   ImagePath   128082 non-null  object
 1   ClassLabel  128082 non-null  object
 2   ImageName   128082 non-null  object
 3   ImagePhash  128082 non-null  object
dtypes: object(4)
memory usage: 3.9+ MB

df.describe()

df['ClassLabel'].value_counts()

ClassLabel
Grape Esca Black Measles                       13284
Grape Black rot                                11328
Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot         10332
Tomato Bacterial spot                           6381
Apple Apple scab                                6048
Apple Black rot                                 5964
Tomato Late blight                              5727
Tomato Septoria leaf spot                       5313
Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite     5028
Tomato Target Spot                              4212
Apple healthy                                   3948
Common Rust in corn Leaf                        3918
Tomato healthy                                  3819
Pepper bell healthy                             3549
Blight in corn Leaf                             3438
Potato Early blight                             3000
Potato Late blight                              3000
Tomato Early blight                             3000
Pepper bell Bacterial spot                      2988
Tomato Leaf Mold                                2856
Corn (maize) healthy                            2790
Strawberry Leaf scorch                          2664
Apple Cedar apple rust                          2640
Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew          2526
Cherry (including_sour) healthy                 2052
Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf                     1722
Tomato Tomato mosaic virus                      1119
Strawberry healthy                              1095
Grape healthy                                   1017
red leaf spot in tea                             429
Potato healthy                                   366
algal leaf in tea                                339
brown blight in tea                              339
corn crop                                        312
anthracnose in tea                               300
bird eye spot in tea                             300
healthy tea leaf                                 222
potato hollow heart                              180
potato crop                                      120
Leaf smut in rice leaf                           120
Brown spot in rice leaf                          120
Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf               120
tomato canker                                     57
Name: count, dtype: int64

label_group = df.groupby('ClassLabel').size().reset_index(name='Count')
label_group

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
bar_plot = sns.barplot(x='ClassLabel', y='Count', data=label_group, palette='viridis', hue='ClassLabel')
plt.title('Image Count by Class Label', fontsize=16)
plt.xlabel('Class Label', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('Count', fontsize=14)

# Rotate x labels for better readability
bar_plot.set_xticklabels(bar_plot.get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')

# Improve layout
plt.tight_layout()

# Show the plot
plt.show()

C:\Users\Owner\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_46632\4255381282.py:8: UserWarning:

set_ticklabels() should only be used with a fixed number of ticks, i.e. after set_ticks() or using a FixedLocator.

# get only the first 50 rows from each class
mini_df = df.groupby('ClassLabel').head(50).reset_index(drop=True)
mini_df

hashes = mini_df['ImagePhash'].dropna().unique().tolist()

# Function to calculate Hamming distance
def hamming_distance(hash1, hash2):
    return sum(c1 != c2 for c1, c2 in zip(hash1, hash2))

# Calculate Hamming distances
distances = []
for i in range(len(hashes)):
    for j in range(i + 1, len(hashes)):
        distance = hamming_distance(hashes[i], hashes[j])
        distances.append(distance)

# Extract distances
distance_values = distances

# Plot histogram of Hamming distances
plt.hist(distance_values, bins=50)
plt.title("Distribution of Hamming Distances")
plt.xlabel("Hamming Distance")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.show()

from scipy.stats import shapiro, wilcoxon, spearmanr, ttest_ind, normaltest

def test_shapiro_normality(df, labels):
    normality_results = {}
    for label in labels:
        data = df[df['ClassLabel'] == label]['ImagePhash'].dropna().apply(lambda x: int(x, 16))
        normality_results[label] = shapiro(data)
    return normality_results

labels = df['ClassLabel'].unique()
shapiro_normality_results = test_shapiro_normality(df, labels)
shapiro_normality_results

c:\Users\Owner\.conda\envs\all4gpu\lib\site-packages\scipy\stats\_morestats.py:1816: UserWarning:

p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.

{'algal leaf in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8173300623893738, pvalue=2.7590477499796112e-19),
 'anthracnose in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8895089626312256, pvalue=6.102106667182916e-14),
 'Apple Apple scab': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8909381031990051, pvalue=0.0),
 'Apple Black rot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9112723469734192, pvalue=0.0),
 'Apple Cedar apple rust': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9154989719390869, pvalue=4.534649900697628e-36),
 'Apple healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8538638353347778, pvalue=0.0),
 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9011837840080261, pvalue=2.2570038993308117e-07),
 'bird eye spot in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9100658893585205, pvalue=2.0845152860771154e-12),
 'Blight in corn Leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9466022849082947, pvalue=1.2942070661343495e-33),
 'brown blight in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8248735070228577, pvalue=6.734480100354935e-19),
 'Brown spot in rice leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9507555961608887, pvalue=0.00024558405857533216),
 'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9194328188896179, pvalue=9.465888091215398e-35),
 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8616877794265747, pvalue=3.3903841811968576e-39),
 'Common Rust in corn Leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8700412511825562, pvalue=0.0),
 'Corn (maize) healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9328741431236267, pvalue=1.0332808402078994e-33),
 'corn crop': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9478980898857117, pvalue=4.666130593022899e-09),
 'Grape Black rot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8156678676605225, pvalue=0.0),
 'Grape Esca Black Measles': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8418076038360596, pvalue=0.0),
 'Grape healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.7931480407714844, pvalue=4.724558374261958e-34),
 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8224208950996399, pvalue=0.0),
 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9350689649581909, pvalue=9.280914653558183e-27),
 'healthy tea leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8049799203872681, pvalue=5.897744827943884e-16),
 'Leaf smut in rice leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9243255853652954, pvalue=4.331513991928659e-06),
 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.917759120464325, pvalue=1.4219553973509992e-37),
 'Pepper bell healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8380621075630188, pvalue=0.0),
 'potato crop': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9375626444816589, pvalue=2.9430791983031668e-05),
 'Potato Early blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9221507906913757, pvalue=7.529271264489553e-37),
 'Potato healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8287089467048645, pvalue=1.8929632822545661e-19),
 'potato hollow heart': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.964137613773346, pvalue=0.00014235013804864138),
 'Potato Late blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.84102463722229, pvalue=0.0),
 'red leaf spot in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8061262965202332, pvalue=2.600847393916281e-22),
 'Strawberry healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8573824167251587, pvalue=2.3845348653887934e-30),
 'Strawberry Leaf scorch': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8876375555992126, pvalue=2.513775302167646e-40),
 'Tomato Bacterial spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.869172215461731, pvalue=0.0),
 'tomato canker': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9218766093254089, pvalue=0.0012651117285713553),
 'Tomato Early blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8645997643470764, pvalue=4.203895392974451e-45),
 'Tomato healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9318272471427917, pvalue=1.184518292543e-38),
 'Tomato Late blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9359694123268127, pvalue=3.0828566215145976e-44),
 'Tomato Leaf Mold': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8681291341781616, pvalue=6.445972935894159e-44),
 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.910041868686676, pvalue=0.0),
 'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8531761765480042, pvalue=0.0),
 'Tomato Target Spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8290281891822815, pvalue=0.0),
 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8517731428146362, pvalue=3.976594415526667e-31)}

from scipy.stats import spearmanr
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Function to convert perceptual hash from hex to integer
def phash_to_int(phash):
    return int(phash, 16) if pd.notna(phash) else None

# Convert ImagePhash to integers
df['ImagePhashInt'] = df['ImagePhash'].apply(phash_to_int)

# Drop rows with NaN values in ImagePhashInt
df = df.dropna(subset=['ImagePhashInt'])

# Create a pivot table where rows are image names and columns are class labels with perceptual hash values
pivot_table = df.pivot_table(index='ImageName', columns='ClassLabel', values='ImagePhashInt', aggfunc='mean')

# Drop columns with all NaN values
pivot_table = pivot_table.dropna(axis=1, how='all')

# Fill missing values with the mean of each class label (optional)
pivot_table = pivot_table.fillna(pivot_table.mean())

# Calculate Spearman correlation for each pair of class labels
def calculate_spearman_correlation(pivot_table):
    correlation_matrix = pd.DataFrame(index=pivot_table.columns, columns=pivot_table.columns)
    for label1 in pivot_table.columns:
        for label2 in pivot_table.columns:
            if label1 != label2:
                correlation, _ = spearmanr(pivot_table[label1], pivot_table[label2], nan_policy='omit')
                correlation_matrix.loc[label1, label2] = correlation
            else:
                correlation_matrix.loc[label1, label2] = 1.0
    return correlation_matrix

spearman_correlation_matrix = calculate_spearman_correlation(pivot_table)

# Plot the Spearman correlation matrix
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
sns.heatmap(spearman_correlation_matrix.astype(float), annot=True, cmap='coolwarm', vmin=-1, vmax=1)
plt.title('Spearman Correlation Matrix')
plt.show()

# Plot distribution of perceptual hash values for each class
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
for label in df['ClassLabel'].unique():
    sns.histplot(df[df['ClassLabel'] == label]['ImagePhashInt'], bins=30, label=label, kde=True)

plt.title('Distribution of Perceptual Hash Values by Class')
plt.xlabel('Perceptual Hash Value')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

from scipy.stats import wilcoxon
import pandas as pd

# Function to convert perceptual hash from hex to integer
def phash_to_int(phash):
    return int(phash, 16) if pd.notna(phash) else None

# Convert ImagePhash to integers
df['ImagePhashInt'] = df['ImagePhash'].apply(phash_to_int)

# Drop rows with NaN values in ImagePhashInt
df = df.dropna(subset=['ImagePhashInt'])

# Prepare the DataFrame for Wilcoxon test
pivot_table = df.pivot_table(index='ImageName', columns='ClassLabel', values='ImagePhashInt', aggfunc='mean')

# Drop columns with all NaN values
pivot_table = pivot_table.dropna(axis=1, how='all')

# Fill missing values with the mean of each class label (optional)
pivot_table = pivot_table.fillna(pivot_table.mean())

# Perform Wilcoxon test for each pair of labels
def perform_wilcoxon_test(pivot_table):
    labels = pivot_table.columns
    wilcoxon_results = {}
    for i, label1 in enumerate(labels):
        for label2 in labels[i+1:]:
            if label1 != label2:
                # Ensure samples are paired and have the same length
                valid_idx = pivot_table[[label1, label2]].dropna().index
                if len(valid_idx) > 0:
                    stat, p_value = wilcoxon(pivot_table.loc[valid_idx, label1], pivot_table.loc[valid_idx, label2])
                    wilcoxon_results[(label1, label2)] = (stat, p_value)
    return wilcoxon_results

wilcoxon_results = perform_wilcoxon_test(pivot_table)
wilcoxon_results

{('Apple Apple scab', 'Apple Black rot'): (716473508.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Apple Cedar apple rust'): (534435823.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Apple healthy'): (587423298.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf'): (51089523.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Blight in corn Leaf'): (426245454.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Brown spot in rice leaf'): (283462768.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew'): (534487961.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy'): (463257744.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Common Rust in corn Leaf'): (30376882.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Corn (maize) healthy'): (77985210.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape Black rot'): (987205378.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (1083157528.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (940095875.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape healthy'): (401745653.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (478048976.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (355522448.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (555082280.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (554590138.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Potato Early blight'): (561610947.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Potato Late blight'): (515102094.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Potato healthy'): (352728188.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (510202175.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Strawberry healthy'): (406615814.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (728992718.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Early blight'): (534681868.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Late blight'): (683477097.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (508080545.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (683671162.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (647381478.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (593441408.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (408517963.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato healthy'): (582700738.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'algal leaf in tea'): (364846640.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'anthracnose in tea'): (411403968.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (354082188.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'brown blight in tea'): (348003229.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'corn crop'): (230945107.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'healthy tea leaf'): (358057321.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'potato crop'): (38152551.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'potato hollow heart'): (213807393.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (361708848.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Apple scab', 'tomato canker'): (80812794.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Apple Cedar apple rust'): (518490170.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Apple healthy'): (596720930.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf'): (29725287.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Blight in corn Leaf'): (340809074.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Brown spot in rice leaf'): (203269850.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew'): (515711539.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy'): (470942404.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Common Rust in corn Leaf'): (18938231.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Corn (maize) healthy'): (55152973.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Grape Black rot'): (996974512.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (1093593245.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (953256344.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Grape healthy'): (409910383.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (457852928.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (396123885.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (538784273.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (565719813.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Potato Early blight'): (541267900.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Potato Late blight'): (522619108.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Potato healthy'): (364166198.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (521381324.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Strawberry healthy'): (417707974.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (741767296.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Early blight'): (543839998.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Late blight'): (662067730.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (519910580.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (680053300.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (657458144.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (605039238.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (417028293.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'Tomato healthy'): (569347900.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (374259755.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (396831618.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (302552012.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'brown blight in tea'): (357322425.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'corn crop'): (131878802.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (367557947.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'potato crop'): (25159578.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'potato hollow heart'): (106101388.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (372388938.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Black rot', 'tomato canker'): (48822581.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Apple healthy'): (389694888.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf'): (47102452.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Blight in corn Leaf'): (312312777.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Brown spot in rice leaf'): (141261964.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust',
  'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew'): (324185257.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy'): (262442963.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Common Rust in corn Leaf'): (34636391.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Corn (maize) healthy'): (83044100.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Grape Black rot'): (753063918.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (844089033.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust',
  'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (751464076.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Grape healthy'): (199651175.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (267168012.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (155835347.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (357161942.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (357235300.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Potato Early blight'): (352928375.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Potato Late blight'): (312079881.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Potato healthy'): (145850420.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (307889848.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Strawberry healthy'): (203987416.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (532488733.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Early blight'): (335540707.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Late blight'): (529026184.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (308606145.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (476470555.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (451272649.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (396393584.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (205228198.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'Tomato healthy'): (390652751.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'algal leaf in tea'): (163032751.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'anthracnose in tea'): (179564437.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (188320400.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'brown blight in tea'): (144268198.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'corn crop'): (141965131.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'healthy tea leaf'): (155265092.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'potato crop'): (36272572.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'potato hollow heart'): (134704249.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (157822664.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple Cedar apple rust', 'tomato canker'): (75914466.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf'): (9412355.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Blight in corn Leaf'): (275607525.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Brown spot in rice leaf'): (159656257.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew'): (382081253.0,
  0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy'): (368576713.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Common Rust in corn Leaf'): (4634358.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Corn (maize) healthy'): (32349524.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Grape Black rot'): (908972526.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (1008575601.0, 0.0),
 ('Apple healthy', 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (857149791.0,
  0.0),
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 ('Potato healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (47731502.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (38798119.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (26946682.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (50297804.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'corn crop'): (6037962.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (39460694.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'potato crop'): (520564.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (3474497.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (55878849.0, 0.0),
 ('Potato healthy', 'tomato canker'): (528687.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Strawberry healthy'): (229714470.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (564820592.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Early blight'): (358594226.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Late blight'): (457718319.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (334241417.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (471814869.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (474879546.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (423116140.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (228738812.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato healthy'): (353083804.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'algal leaf in tea'): (198207765.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'anthracnose in tea'): (187349609.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (138512348.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'brown blight in tea'): (174014544.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'corn crop'): (57585100.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'healthy tea leaf'): (190111034.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'potato crop'): (9777638.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'potato hollow heart'): (46126736.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (182632887.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'tomato canker'): (22171053.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (449881309.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Early blight'): (247447583.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Late blight'): (344441299.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (253494413.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (369236475.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (379630424.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (335338924.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (144846201.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato healthy'): (230848313.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (94407923.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (87848838.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (61094740.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (84729974.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'corn crop'): (17219081.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (86189582.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'potato crop'): (3136546.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (13129966.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (90994866.0, 0.0),
 ('Strawberry healthy', 'tomato canker'): (6114346.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Early blight'): (574853210.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Late blight'): (675750749.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (551579239.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (692252065.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (707786221.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (637061706.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (448552334.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (552781200.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (432464007.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (417246210.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (304208931.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'brown blight in tea'): (394554223.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'corn crop'): (109591043.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (425037903.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'potato crop'): (24121246.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'potato hollow heart'): (82650282.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (404328810.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'tomato canker'): (43305993.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Late blight'): (484107209.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (352107023.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (494918841.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (504505856.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (440568759.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (245932399.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato healthy'): (367934618.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'algal leaf in tea'): (223633994.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'anthracnose in tea'): (215946077.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (149635895.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'brown blight in tea'): (193635699.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'corn crop'): (43624000.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'healthy tea leaf'): (215699852.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'potato crop'): (5926563.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'potato hollow heart'): (34791720.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (200463720.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Early blight', 'tomato canker'): (10840477.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (453650254.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (625171532.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (596810230.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (531528835.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (358254304.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato healthy'): (578427287.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'algal leaf in tea'): (316230458.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'anthracnose in tea'): (396905232.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (375619319.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'brown blight in tea'): (279879015.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'corn crop'): (246864788.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'healthy tea leaf'): (309083384.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'potato crop'): (66174132.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'potato hollow heart'): (237869103.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (299330647.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Late blight', 'tomato canker'): (138961016.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (471473665.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (481790465.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (446632702.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (250261388.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato healthy'): (330722662.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'algal leaf in tea'): (200767876.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'anthracnose in tea'): (193374743.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (144084996.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'brown blight in tea'): (198552455.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'corn crop'): (44827633.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'healthy tea leaf'): (192693090.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'potato crop'): (10329511.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'potato hollow heart'): (36754817.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (206219686.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'tomato canker'): (14455450.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot',
  'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (608733869.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (557971837.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (368416315.0,
  0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (525870120.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (324316410.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (352957400.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (293448324.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'brown blight in tea'): (311404318.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'corn crop'): (150047950.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (317493444.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'potato crop'): (27744640.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'potato hollow heart'): (139385005.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (323809158.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'tomato canker'): (65421000.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'Tomato Target Spot'): (568717082.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (377541900.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'Tomato healthy'): (497241884.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'algal leaf in tea'): (341738061.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'anthracnose in tea'): (333976658.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'bird eye spot in tea'): (268728516.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'brown blight in tea'): (326370339.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite', 'corn crop'): (79948392.0,
  0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'healthy tea leaf'): (333877950.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite', 'potato crop'): (4180316.0,
  0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'potato hollow heart'): (71841574.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
  'red leaf spot in tea'): (333568121.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite', 'tomato canker'): (19505701.0,
  0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (340588603.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (402626123.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (291743486.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (284928155.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (202056774.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'brown blight in tea'): (276962390.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'corn crop'): (44322810.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (283796183.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'potato crop'): (2908735.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'potato hollow heart'): (35540506.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (300181198.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Target Spot', 'tomato canker'): (5437080.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'Tomato healthy'): (249914303.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'algal leaf in tea'): (91906873.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'anthracnose in tea'): (85450098.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (71463627.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'brown blight in tea'): (90744323.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'corn crop'): (31139851.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'healthy tea leaf'): (83689848.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'potato crop'): (1247780.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'potato hollow heart'): (25547069.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (96873930.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'tomato canker'): (6619707.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (222200548.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (240902238.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (267873612.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (170296856.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'corn crop'): (192680605.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (215012611.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'potato crop'): (63567107.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (184835000.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (194897023.0, 0.0),
 ('Tomato healthy', 'tomato canker'): (119377921.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'anthracnose in tea'): (37407635.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (32558679.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'brown blight in tea'): (40214817.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'corn crop'): (10624957.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (36670608.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'potato crop'): (773505.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (7044528.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (46593686.0, 0.0),
 ('algal leaf in tea', 'tomato canker'): (2057739.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (38317927.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'brown blight in tea'): (33826458.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'corn crop'): (21602087.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (30532471.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'potato crop'): (4482646.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (15347173.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (40698534.0, 0.0),
 ('anthracnose in tea', 'tomato canker'): (9212962.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'brown blight in tea'): (25918924.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'corn crop'): (32065986.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (26701490.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'potato crop'): (6657592.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (24032099.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (32668723.0, 0.0),
 ('bird eye spot in tea', 'tomato canker'): (13175775.0, 0.0),
 ('brown blight in tea', 'corn crop'): (8319761.0, 0.0),
 ('brown blight in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (31941238.0, 0.0),
 ('brown blight in tea', 'potato crop'): (388510.0, 0.0),
 ('brown blight in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (4868374.0, 0.0),
 ('brown blight in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (48884954.0, 0.0),
 ('brown blight in tea', 'tomato canker'): (648811.0, 0.0),
 ('corn crop', 'healthy tea leaf'): (10236922.0, 0.0),
 ('corn crop', 'potato crop'): (16624329.0, 0.0),
 ('corn crop', 'potato hollow heart'): (29660860.0, 0.0),
 ('corn crop', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (8202027.0, 0.0),
 ('corn crop', 'tomato canker'): (19442380.0, 0.0),
 ('healthy tea leaf', 'potato crop'): (771655.0, 0.0),
 ('healthy tea leaf', 'potato hollow heart'): (7039639.0, 0.0),
 ('healthy tea leaf', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (38326796.0, 0.0),
 ('healthy tea leaf', 'tomato canker'): (1413133.0, 0.0),
 ('potato crop', 'potato hollow heart'): (11003633.0, 0.0),
 ('potato crop', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (643961.0, 0.0),
 ('potato crop', 'tomato canker'): (8319477.0, 0.0),
 ('potato hollow heart', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (5131884.0, 0.0),
 ('potato hollow heart', 'tomato canker'): (13692018.0, 0.0),
 ('red leaf spot in tea', 'tomato canker'): (655852.0, 0.0)}

class1_name = df['ClassLabel'].unique()[0]
class2_name = df['ClassLabel'].unique()[1]

class1_hashes = df[df['ClassLabel'] == class1_name]['ImagePhash'].dropna().apply(lambda x: int(x, 16))
class2_hashes = df[df['ClassLabel'] == class2_name]['ImagePhash'].dropna().apply(lambda x: int(x, 16))

# Ensure sample sizes are the same and manageable
min_length = min(len(class1_hashes), len(class2_hashes), 5000)
class1_hashes = class1_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)
class2_hashes = class2_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)

if class1_hashes.nunique() == 1 or class2_hashes.nunique() == 1:
    print('Cannot perform Wilcoxon test: one of the input arrays is constant.')
else:
    stat, p = wilcoxon(class1_hashes, class2_hashes)
    print(f'Wilcoxon Test between {class1_name} and {class2_name}')
    print('Statistics=%.3f, p=%.3f' % (stat, p))
    if p > 0.05:
        print('Samples are similar (fail to reject H0)')
    else:
        print('Samples are different (reject H0)')

    # Visualize the distribution of perceptual hashes
    plt.figure(figsize=(14, 7))
    sns.histplot(class1_hashes, color='blue', kde=True, label=class1_name)
    sns.histplot(class2_hashes, color='orange', kde=True, label=class2_name)
    plt.title(f'Distribution of Perceptual Hashes for {class1_name} and {class2_name}')
    plt.xlabel('Perceptual Hash Value')
    plt.ylabel('Frequency')
    plt.legend()
    plt.show()

Wilcoxon Test between algal leaf in tea and anthracnose in tea
Statistics=0.000, p=0.000
Samples are different (reject H0)

min_length = min(len(class1_hashes), len(class2_hashes), 5000)
class1_hashes = class1_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)
class2_hashes = class2_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)

stat, p = ttest_ind(class1_hashes, class2_hashes)
print('T-test between two classes')
print('Statistics=%.3f, p=%.3f' % (stat, p))
if p > 0.05:
    print('Samples have same mean (fail to reject H0)')
else:
    print('Samples have different mean (reject H0)')

T-test between two classes
Statistics=2.262, p=0.024
Samples have different mean (reject H0)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image

grouped = df.groupby('ClassLabel')

# Plot the first 5 images for each class
for label, group in grouped:
    print(label)
    print('=====================')
    
    # Create a figure with 5 subplots (1 row, 5 columns)
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 5, figsize=(20, 4))
    
    # Iterate over the first 5 rows of the group
    for i in range(min(5, len(group))):  # This ensures we don't go out of bounds if there are less than 5 images
        img_path = group['ImagePath'].iloc[i]
        img = Image.open(img_path)
        
        # Plot the image in the i-th subplot
        axes[i].imshow(img)
        axes[i].set_title(label)
        axes[i].axis('off')
    
    # Hide any unused subplots if the group has less than 5 images
    if len(group) < 5:
        for j in range(len(group), 5):
            axes[j].axis('off')
    
    plt.show()

Apple Apple scab
=====================

Apple Black rot
=====================

Apple Cedar apple rust
=====================

Apple healthy
=====================

Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf
=====================

Blight in corn Leaf
=====================

Brown spot in rice leaf
=====================

Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew
=====================

Cherry (including_sour) healthy
=====================

Common Rust in corn Leaf
=====================

	ImagePath	ClassLabel	ImageName	ImagePhash
0	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea1.jpg	a1a69e91646e9bb1
1	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea10.jpg	b19c9761cb169d83
2	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea100.jpg	f4c3cb3c38a2628f
3	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg	b190c36d9ce64c3e
4	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg_Flip_Horizontally_and...	e436c2c99ebcc839
...	...	...	...	...
128077	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus978.jpg	f8e2c69c999323c3
128078	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus979.jpg	a436d66b3c946999
128079	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus98.jpg	fcb0c3cc8cc63639
128080	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus980.jpg	f19c83c1693e3c33
128081	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus981.jpg	f163833e69c13ccc

	ImagePath	ClassLabel	ImageName	ImagePhash
0	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea1.jpg	a1a69e91646e9bb1
1	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea10.jpg	b19c9761cb169d83
2	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea100.jpg	f4c3cb3c38a2628f
3	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg	b190c36d9ce64c3e
4	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	algal leaf in tea	algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg_Flip_Horizontally_and...	e436c2c99ebcc839
...	...	...	...	...
2145	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1038.jpg	e39c9c336bcd3124
2146	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1039.jpg	e5e99b9698b1260e
2147	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus104.jpg	ac61d39ec6662c69
2148	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1040.jpg	b843ce3ccd19f384
2149	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1041.jpg	b0bccec3c8e4334b

Create Image Dataframe¶

Statistical Tests¶

Shapiro Test¶

Hypotheses:¶

Interpretation:¶

Conclusion:¶

Spearman Correlation¶

Perceptual Hash Distribution for each class¶

Wilcoxon Test¶

T-Test¶

Conclusion¶

	ImagePath	ClassLabel	ImageName	ImagePhash
count	128082	128082	128082	128082
unique	128082	43	128082	111977
top	..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas...	Grape Esca Black Measles	algal_leaf_in_tea1.jpg	e664ccce99989b19
freq	1	13284	1	3

	ClassLabel	Count
0	Apple Apple scab	6048
1	Apple Black rot	5964
2	Apple Cedar apple rust	2640
3	Apple healthy	3948
4	Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf	120
5	Blight in corn Leaf	3438
6	Brown spot in rice leaf	120
7	Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew	2526
8	Cherry (including_sour) healthy	2052
9	Common Rust in corn Leaf	3918
10	Corn (maize) healthy	2790
11	Grape Black rot	11328
12	Grape Esca Black Measles	13284
13	Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot	10332
14	Grape healthy	1017
15	Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf	1722
16	Leaf smut in rice leaf	120
17	Pepper bell Bacterial spot	2988
18	Pepper bell healthy	3549
19	Potato Early blight	3000
20	Potato Late blight	3000
21	Potato healthy	366
22	Strawberry Leaf scorch	2664
23	Strawberry healthy	1095
24	Tomato Bacterial spot	6381
25	Tomato Early blight	3000
26	Tomato Late blight	5727
27	Tomato Leaf Mold	2856
28	Tomato Septoria leaf spot	5313
29	Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite	5028
30	Tomato Target Spot	4212
31	Tomato Tomato mosaic virus	1119
32	Tomato healthy	3819
33	algal leaf in tea	339
34	anthracnose in tea	300
35	bird eye spot in tea	300
36	brown blight in tea	339
37	corn crop	312
38	healthy tea leaf	222
39	potato crop	120
40	potato hollow heart	180
41	red leaf spot in tea	429
42	tomato canker	57