import pathlib
import pandas as pd
import pathlib
from pathlib import Path
import imagehash
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# plotting modules
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import plotly as plotly
plotly.offline.init_notebook_mode()
from PIL import Image
data_folder = pathlib.Path('../../../../../Downloads/datasets/plant-disease')
Create Image Dataframe¶
def create_image_dataframe(folder):
data = {'ImagePath': [], 'ClassLabel': [], 'ImageName': [], 'ImagePhash': []}
for class_folder in Path(folder).iterdir():
if class_folder.is_dir():
for img_path in class_folder.iterdir():
img_name = img_path.name
try:
img = Image.open(img_path)
img_phash = str(imagehash.phash(img))
except Exception as e:
img_phash = None
data['ImagePath'].append(img_path)
data['ClassLabel'].append(class_folder.name)
data['ImageName'].append(img_name)
data['ImagePhash'].append(img_phash)
return pd.DataFrame(data)
df = create_image_dataframe(data_folder)
Here we have also derived the perceptual hash for each image in our dataset.
df
| ImagePath | ClassLabel | ImageName | ImagePhash | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea1.jpg | a1a69e91646e9bb1 |
| 1 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea10.jpg | b19c9761cb169d83 |
| 2 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea100.jpg | f4c3cb3c38a2628f |
| 3 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg | b190c36d9ce64c3e |
| 4 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg_Flip_Horizontally_and... | e436c2c99ebcc839 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 128077 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus978.jpg | f8e2c69c999323c3 |
| 128078 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus979.jpg | a436d66b3c946999 |
| 128079 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus98.jpg | fcb0c3cc8cc63639 |
| 128080 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus980.jpg | f19c83c1693e3c33 |
| 128081 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | tomato_tomato_mosaic_virus981.jpg | f163833e69c13ccc |
128082 rows × 4 columns
We store this to a csv file
#save the dataframe to a csv file
df.to_csv('plant_id_with_phash.csv', index=False)
df.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 128082 entries, 0 to 128081 Data columns (total 4 columns): # Column Non-Null Count Dtype --- ------ -------------- ----- 0 ImagePath 128082 non-null object 1 ClassLabel 128082 non-null object 2 ImageName 128082 non-null object 3 ImagePhash 128082 non-null object dtypes: object(4) memory usage: 3.9+ MB
df.describe()
| ImagePath | ClassLabel | ImageName | ImagePhash | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | 128082 | 128082 | 128082 | 128082 |
| unique | 128082 | 43 | 128082 | 111977 |
| top | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Grape Esca Black Measles | algal_leaf_in_tea1.jpg | e664ccce99989b19 |
| freq | 1 | 13284 | 1 | 3 |
df['ClassLabel'].value_counts()
ClassLabel Grape Esca Black Measles 13284 Grape Black rot 11328 Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot 10332 Tomato Bacterial spot 6381 Apple Apple scab 6048 Apple Black rot 5964 Tomato Late blight 5727 Tomato Septoria leaf spot 5313 Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite 5028 Tomato Target Spot 4212 Apple healthy 3948 Common Rust in corn Leaf 3918 Tomato healthy 3819 Pepper bell healthy 3549 Blight in corn Leaf 3438 Potato Early blight 3000 Potato Late blight 3000 Tomato Early blight 3000 Pepper bell Bacterial spot 2988 Tomato Leaf Mold 2856 Corn (maize) healthy 2790 Strawberry Leaf scorch 2664 Apple Cedar apple rust 2640 Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew 2526 Cherry (including_sour) healthy 2052 Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf 1722 Tomato Tomato mosaic virus 1119 Strawberry healthy 1095 Grape healthy 1017 red leaf spot in tea 429 Potato healthy 366 algal leaf in tea 339 brown blight in tea 339 corn crop 312 anthracnose in tea 300 bird eye spot in tea 300 healthy tea leaf 222 potato hollow heart 180 potato crop 120 Leaf smut in rice leaf 120 Brown spot in rice leaf 120 Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf 120 tomato canker 57 Name: count, dtype: int64
label_group = df.groupby('ClassLabel').size().reset_index(name='Count')
label_group
| ClassLabel | Count | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Apple Apple scab | 6048 |
| 1 | Apple Black rot | 5964 |
| 2 | Apple Cedar apple rust | 2640 |
| 3 | Apple healthy | 3948 |
| 4 | Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf | 120 |
| 5 | Blight in corn Leaf | 3438 |
| 6 | Brown spot in rice leaf | 120 |
| 7 | Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew | 2526 |
| 8 | Cherry (including_sour) healthy | 2052 |
| 9 | Common Rust in corn Leaf | 3918 |
| 10 | Corn (maize) healthy | 2790 |
| 11 | Grape Black rot | 11328 |
| 12 | Grape Esca Black Measles | 13284 |
| 13 | Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot | 10332 |
| 14 | Grape healthy | 1017 |
| 15 | Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf | 1722 |
| 16 | Leaf smut in rice leaf | 120 |
| 17 | Pepper bell Bacterial spot | 2988 |
| 18 | Pepper bell healthy | 3549 |
| 19 | Potato Early blight | 3000 |
| 20 | Potato Late blight | 3000 |
| 21 | Potato healthy | 366 |
| 22 | Strawberry Leaf scorch | 2664 |
| 23 | Strawberry healthy | 1095 |
| 24 | Tomato Bacterial spot | 6381 |
| 25 | Tomato Early blight | 3000 |
| 26 | Tomato Late blight | 5727 |
| 27 | Tomato Leaf Mold | 2856 |
| 28 | Tomato Septoria leaf spot | 5313 |
| 29 | Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite | 5028 |
| 30 | Tomato Target Spot | 4212 |
| 31 | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | 1119 |
| 32 | Tomato healthy | 3819 |
| 33 | algal leaf in tea | 339 |
| 34 | anthracnose in tea | 300 |
| 35 | bird eye spot in tea | 300 |
| 36 | brown blight in tea | 339 |
| 37 | corn crop | 312 |
| 38 | healthy tea leaf | 222 |
| 39 | potato crop | 120 |
| 40 | potato hollow heart | 180 |
| 41 | red leaf spot in tea | 429 |
| 42 | tomato canker | 57 |
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
bar_plot = sns.barplot(x='ClassLabel', y='Count', data=label_group, palette='viridis', hue='ClassLabel')
plt.title('Image Count by Class Label', fontsize=16)
plt.xlabel('Class Label', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('Count', fontsize=14)
# Rotate x labels for better readability
bar_plot.set_xticklabels(bar_plot.get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')
# Improve layout
plt.tight_layout()
# Show the plot
plt.show()
C:\Users\Owner\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_46632\4255381282.py:8: UserWarning: set_ticklabels() should only be used with a fixed number of ticks, i.e. after set_ticks() or using a FixedLocator.
# get only the first 50 rows from each class
mini_df = df.groupby('ClassLabel').head(50).reset_index(drop=True)
mini_df
| ImagePath | ClassLabel | ImageName | ImagePhash | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea1.jpg | a1a69e91646e9bb1 |
| 1 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea10.jpg | b19c9761cb169d83 |
| 2 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea100.jpg | f4c3cb3c38a2628f |
| 3 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg | b190c36d9ce64c3e |
| 4 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | algal leaf in tea | algal_leaf_in_tea101.jpg_Flip_Horizontally_and... | e436c2c99ebcc839 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2145 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1038.jpg | e39c9c336bcd3124 |
| 2146 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1039.jpg | e5e99b9698b1260e |
| 2147 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus104.jpg | ac61d39ec6662c69 |
| 2148 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1040.jpg | b843ce3ccd19f384 |
| 2149 | ..\..\..\..\..\Downloads\datasets\plant-diseas... | Tomato Tomato mosaic virus | Tomato_Tomato_mosaic_virus1041.jpg | b0bccec3c8e4334b |
2150 rows × 4 columns
hashes = mini_df['ImagePhash'].dropna().unique().tolist()
# Function to calculate Hamming distance
def hamming_distance(hash1, hash2):
return sum(c1 != c2 for c1, c2 in zip(hash1, hash2))
# Calculate Hamming distances
distances = []
for i in range(len(hashes)):
for j in range(i + 1, len(hashes)):
distance = hamming_distance(hashes[i], hashes[j])
distances.append(distance)
# Extract distances
distance_values = distances
# Plot histogram of Hamming distances
plt.hist(distance_values, bins=50)
plt.title("Distribution of Hamming Distances")
plt.xlabel("Hamming Distance")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.show()
Statistical Tests¶
Since we are working with images, we will not be able to calculate all the statistical tests that we would like to, but we will try to do them notwithstanding.
from scipy.stats import shapiro, wilcoxon, spearmanr, ttest_ind, normaltest
Shapiro Test¶
def test_shapiro_normality(df, labels):
normality_results = {}
for label in labels:
data = df[df['ClassLabel'] == label]['ImagePhash'].dropna().apply(lambda x: int(x, 16))
normality_results[label] = shapiro(data)
return normality_results
labels = df['ClassLabel'].unique()
shapiro_normality_results = test_shapiro_normality(df, labels)
shapiro_normality_results
c:\Users\Owner\.conda\envs\all4gpu\lib\site-packages\scipy\stats\_morestats.py:1816: UserWarning: p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.
{'algal leaf in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8173300623893738, pvalue=2.7590477499796112e-19),
'anthracnose in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8895089626312256, pvalue=6.102106667182916e-14),
'Apple Apple scab': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8909381031990051, pvalue=0.0),
'Apple Black rot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9112723469734192, pvalue=0.0),
'Apple Cedar apple rust': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9154989719390869, pvalue=4.534649900697628e-36),
'Apple healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8538638353347778, pvalue=0.0),
'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9011837840080261, pvalue=2.2570038993308117e-07),
'bird eye spot in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9100658893585205, pvalue=2.0845152860771154e-12),
'Blight in corn Leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9466022849082947, pvalue=1.2942070661343495e-33),
'brown blight in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8248735070228577, pvalue=6.734480100354935e-19),
'Brown spot in rice leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9507555961608887, pvalue=0.00024558405857533216),
'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9194328188896179, pvalue=9.465888091215398e-35),
'Cherry (including_sour) healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8616877794265747, pvalue=3.3903841811968576e-39),
'Common Rust in corn Leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8700412511825562, pvalue=0.0),
'Corn (maize) healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9328741431236267, pvalue=1.0332808402078994e-33),
'corn crop': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9478980898857117, pvalue=4.666130593022899e-09),
'Grape Black rot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8156678676605225, pvalue=0.0),
'Grape Esca Black Measles': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8418076038360596, pvalue=0.0),
'Grape healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.7931480407714844, pvalue=4.724558374261958e-34),
'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8224208950996399, pvalue=0.0),
'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9350689649581909, pvalue=9.280914653558183e-27),
'healthy tea leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8049799203872681, pvalue=5.897744827943884e-16),
'Leaf smut in rice leaf': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9243255853652954, pvalue=4.331513991928659e-06),
'Pepper bell Bacterial spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.917759120464325, pvalue=1.4219553973509992e-37),
'Pepper bell healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8380621075630188, pvalue=0.0),
'potato crop': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9375626444816589, pvalue=2.9430791983031668e-05),
'Potato Early blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9221507906913757, pvalue=7.529271264489553e-37),
'Potato healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8287089467048645, pvalue=1.8929632822545661e-19),
'potato hollow heart': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.964137613773346, pvalue=0.00014235013804864138),
'Potato Late blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.84102463722229, pvalue=0.0),
'red leaf spot in tea': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8061262965202332, pvalue=2.600847393916281e-22),
'Strawberry healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8573824167251587, pvalue=2.3845348653887934e-30),
'Strawberry Leaf scorch': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8876375555992126, pvalue=2.513775302167646e-40),
'Tomato Bacterial spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.869172215461731, pvalue=0.0),
'tomato canker': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9218766093254089, pvalue=0.0012651117285713553),
'Tomato Early blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8645997643470764, pvalue=4.203895392974451e-45),
'Tomato healthy': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9318272471427917, pvalue=1.184518292543e-38),
'Tomato Late blight': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9359694123268127, pvalue=3.0828566215145976e-44),
'Tomato Leaf Mold': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8681291341781616, pvalue=6.445972935894159e-44),
'Tomato Septoria leaf spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.910041868686676, pvalue=0.0),
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8531761765480042, pvalue=0.0),
'Tomato Target Spot': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8290281891822815, pvalue=0.0),
'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus': ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8517731428146362, pvalue=3.976594415526667e-31)}
The Shapiro-Wilk test results for each class label in your dataset indicate whether the data follows a normal distribution. Here are the interpretations:
Hypotheses:¶
- Null Hypothesis (H0): The data follows a normal distribution.
- Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The data does not follow a normal distribution.
Interpretation:¶
- Statistic: A measure of the W statistic in the Shapiro-Wilk test.
- P-value: Indicates the probability of observing the test results under the null hypothesis.
Conclusion:¶
- For all the class labels the p-values are significantly less than 0.05.
- This indicates that the null hypothesis is rejected for all class labels, meaning none of the data distributions for these labels follow a normal distribution.
Spearman Correlation¶
from scipy.stats import spearmanr
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Function to convert perceptual hash from hex to integer
def phash_to_int(phash):
return int(phash, 16) if pd.notna(phash) else None
# Convert ImagePhash to integers
df['ImagePhashInt'] = df['ImagePhash'].apply(phash_to_int)
# Drop rows with NaN values in ImagePhashInt
df = df.dropna(subset=['ImagePhashInt'])
# Create a pivot table where rows are image names and columns are class labels with perceptual hash values
pivot_table = df.pivot_table(index='ImageName', columns='ClassLabel', values='ImagePhashInt', aggfunc='mean')
# Drop columns with all NaN values
pivot_table = pivot_table.dropna(axis=1, how='all')
# Fill missing values with the mean of each class label (optional)
pivot_table = pivot_table.fillna(pivot_table.mean())
# Calculate Spearman correlation for each pair of class labels
def calculate_spearman_correlation(pivot_table):
correlation_matrix = pd.DataFrame(index=pivot_table.columns, columns=pivot_table.columns)
for label1 in pivot_table.columns:
for label2 in pivot_table.columns:
if label1 != label2:
correlation, _ = spearmanr(pivot_table[label1], pivot_table[label2], nan_policy='omit')
correlation_matrix.loc[label1, label2] = correlation
else:
correlation_matrix.loc[label1, label2] = 1.0
return correlation_matrix
spearman_correlation_matrix = calculate_spearman_correlation(pivot_table)
# Plot the Spearman correlation matrix
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
sns.heatmap(spearman_correlation_matrix.astype(float), annot=True, cmap='coolwarm', vmin=-1, vmax=1)
plt.title('Spearman Correlation Matrix')
plt.show()
Spearman Correlation:
Purpose: To measure the strength and direction of association between two ranked variables.
Results: The Spearman correlation matrix showed very low correlation values, indicating that the perceptual hash values do not provide meaningful correlations between the different class labels.
Perceptual Hash Distribution for each class¶
# Plot distribution of perceptual hash values for each class
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
for label in df['ClassLabel'].unique():
sns.histplot(df[df['ClassLabel'] == label]['ImagePhashInt'], bins=30, label=label, kde=True)
plt.title('Distribution of Perceptual Hash Values by Class')
plt.xlabel('Perceptual Hash Value')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Wilcoxon Test¶
from scipy.stats import wilcoxon
import pandas as pd
# Function to convert perceptual hash from hex to integer
def phash_to_int(phash):
return int(phash, 16) if pd.notna(phash) else None
# Convert ImagePhash to integers
df['ImagePhashInt'] = df['ImagePhash'].apply(phash_to_int)
# Drop rows with NaN values in ImagePhashInt
df = df.dropna(subset=['ImagePhashInt'])
# Prepare the DataFrame for Wilcoxon test
pivot_table = df.pivot_table(index='ImageName', columns='ClassLabel', values='ImagePhashInt', aggfunc='mean')
# Drop columns with all NaN values
pivot_table = pivot_table.dropna(axis=1, how='all')
# Fill missing values with the mean of each class label (optional)
pivot_table = pivot_table.fillna(pivot_table.mean())
# Perform Wilcoxon test for each pair of labels
def perform_wilcoxon_test(pivot_table):
labels = pivot_table.columns
wilcoxon_results = {}
for i, label1 in enumerate(labels):
for label2 in labels[i+1:]:
if label1 != label2:
# Ensure samples are paired and have the same length
valid_idx = pivot_table[[label1, label2]].dropna().index
if len(valid_idx) > 0:
stat, p_value = wilcoxon(pivot_table.loc[valid_idx, label1], pivot_table.loc[valid_idx, label2])
wilcoxon_results[(label1, label2)] = (stat, p_value)
return wilcoxon_results
wilcoxon_results = perform_wilcoxon_test(pivot_table)
wilcoxon_results
{('Apple Apple scab', 'Apple Black rot'): (716473508.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Apple Cedar apple rust'): (534435823.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Apple healthy'): (587423298.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf'): (51089523.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Blight in corn Leaf'): (426245454.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Brown spot in rice leaf'): (283462768.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew'): (534487961.0,
0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy'): (463257744.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Common Rust in corn Leaf'): (30376882.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Corn (maize) healthy'): (77985210.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape Black rot'): (987205378.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (1083157528.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (940095875.0,
0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Grape healthy'): (401745653.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (478048976.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (355522448.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (555082280.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (554590138.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Potato Early blight'): (561610947.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Potato Late blight'): (515102094.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Potato healthy'): (352728188.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (510202175.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Strawberry healthy'): (406615814.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (728992718.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Early blight'): (534681868.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Late blight'): (683477097.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (508080545.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (683671162.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (647381478.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (593441408.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (408517963.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'Tomato healthy'): (582700738.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'algal leaf in tea'): (364846640.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'anthracnose in tea'): (411403968.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (354082188.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'brown blight in tea'): (348003229.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'corn crop'): (230945107.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'healthy tea leaf'): (358057321.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'potato crop'): (38152551.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'potato hollow heart'): (213807393.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (361708848.0, 0.0),
('Apple Apple scab', 'tomato canker'): (80812794.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Apple Cedar apple rust'): (518490170.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Apple healthy'): (596720930.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf'): (29725287.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Blight in corn Leaf'): (340809074.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Brown spot in rice leaf'): (203269850.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew'): (515711539.0,
0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Cherry (including_sour) healthy'): (470942404.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Common Rust in corn Leaf'): (18938231.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Corn (maize) healthy'): (55152973.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Grape Black rot'): (996974512.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (1093593245.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (953256344.0,
0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Grape healthy'): (409910383.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (457852928.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (396123885.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (538784273.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (565719813.0, 0.0),
('Apple Black rot', 'Potato Early blight'): (541267900.0, 0.0),
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('Cherry (including_sour) healthy', 'tomato canker'): (2251002.0, 0.0),
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('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (8843874.0, 0.0),
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('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Grape healthy'): (1957659.0, 0.0),
('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (29321493.0,
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('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (3689678.0, 0.0),
('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (26075664.0, 0.0),
('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (3937732.0, 0.0),
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('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (2607666.0, 0.0),
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('Common Rust in corn Leaf', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (1890276.0, 0.0),
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('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (38897191.0, 0.0),
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('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (90139848.0, 0.0),
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('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (67286824.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (27519859.0, 0.0),
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('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Potato healthy'): (17972960.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (39439445.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Strawberry healthy'): (25811917.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (52151298.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Tomato Early blight'): (31094543.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Tomato Late blight'): (137385362.0, 0.0),
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'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (30241631.0, 0.0),
('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (26467274.0, 0.0),
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('Corn (maize) healthy', 'Tomato healthy'): (132393684.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Black rot', 'Grape Esca Black Measles'): (1431262315.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot'): (1248168551.0,
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('Grape Black rot', 'Grape healthy'): (753462276.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (563214104.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (699672117.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (823109366.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (893243129.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Black rot', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (835841762.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Black rot', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (1033027769.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Tomato Early blight'): (853691570.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Black rot',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (971379100.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (930673194.0, 0.0),
('Grape Black rot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (761940576.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Black rot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (716130332.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Grape healthy'): (856609042.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (595310315.0,
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (802150983.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (920247143.0,
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (994098236.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Potato Early blight'): (708660221.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Potato healthy'): (827877050.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (936376997.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Strawberry healthy'): (860131548.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (1130314865.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Early blight'): (954018468.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Late blight'): (1011235461.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (960456239.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (1054119268.0,
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('Grape Esca Black Measles',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (1069302183.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (1030490481.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (864157055.0,
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'Tomato healthy'): (696030219.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'algal leaf in tea'): (818663478.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (484544989.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'corn crop'): (61864451.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'healthy tea leaf'): (811617967.0, 0.0),
('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'potato crop'): (14834780.0, 0.0),
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('Grape Esca Black Measles', 'tomato canker'): (25957829.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot', 'Grape healthy'): (687988850.0,
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('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (636439700.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (640487657.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (773013728.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
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'Potato Early blight'): (732913146.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Potato Late blight'): (796035371.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot', 'Potato healthy'): (638322724.0,
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('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
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('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
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('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (986565373.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Tomato Early blight'): (800858066.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
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('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot',
'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (906643220.0, 0.0),
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'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (921015061.0, 0.0),
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'Tomato Target Spot'): (874897974.0, 0.0),
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'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (705681080.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (727070897.0,
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('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (656931399.0,
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'bird eye spot in tea'): (537754818.0, 0.0),
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'red leaf spot in tea'): (650151582.0, 0.0),
('Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot', 'tomato canker'): (61862909.0,
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('Grape healthy', 'Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf'): (133063769.0, 0.0),
('Grape healthy', 'Leaf smut in rice leaf'): (75266837.0, 0.0),
('Grape healthy', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (223003955.0, 0.0),
('Grape healthy', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (283717152.0, 0.0),
('Grape healthy', 'Potato Early blight'): (206303918.0, 0.0),
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('Grape healthy', 'Potato healthy'): (84717377.0, 0.0),
('Grape healthy', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (226432478.0, 0.0),
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'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (376790714.0, 0.0),
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (299338505.0,
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (257162285.0, 0.0),
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Potato Late blight'): (218117014.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Potato healthy'): (86359649.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (231216512.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Strawberry healthy'): (135743298.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (429137454.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Tomato Early blight'): (248853187.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Tomato Late blight'): (458376904.0, 0.0),
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (385016653.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (304570452.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (145784911.0,
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'Tomato healthy'): (348857971.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'algal leaf in tea'): (107054971.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'anthracnose in tea'): (116949468.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (133569644.0, 0.0),
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'corn crop'): (97671586.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'healthy tea leaf'): (99494820.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'potato crop'): (30546898.0, 0.0),
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('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (98774199.0, 0.0),
('Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf', 'tomato canker'): (66047634.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Pepper bell Bacterial spot'): (174227566.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Pepper bell healthy'): (237168565.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Potato Early blight'): (185013501.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Potato Late blight'): (196418601.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Potato healthy'): (30285194.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (181048389.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Strawberry healthy'): (77189426.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (414580999.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Tomato Early blight'): (206910197.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Tomato Late blight'): (310813919.0, 0.0),
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'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (325105655.0, 0.0),
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('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (74930102.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'Tomato healthy'): (211037824.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'algal leaf in tea'): (26348249.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'anthracnose in tea'): (25694989.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (19308791.0, 0.0),
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('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'corn crop'): (12280038.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'healthy tea leaf'): (19703614.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'potato crop'): (2177148.0, 0.0),
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('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (29660692.0, 0.0),
('Leaf smut in rice leaf', 'tomato canker'): (3073352.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Potato Early blight'): (383074772.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Potato healthy'): (176056616.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (330570516.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Strawberry healthy'): (226000927.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (551568646.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Early blight'): (354366683.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (497068506.0,
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'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (471645438.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (408746535.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (176537922.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'potato crop'): (28688667.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell Bacterial spot', 'tomato canker'): (52425021.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Potato Early blight'): (331347876.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Potato Late blight'): (402508118.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Potato healthy'): (239574494.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (385330642.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Strawberry healthy'): (297206916.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (599578061.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Tomato Early blight'): (403039076.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell healthy', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (520135077.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (531816841.0, 0.0),
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('Pepper bell healthy', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (302760943.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'Tomato healthy'): (345551832.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (253940326.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (246474818.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (158649811.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (232896988.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'corn crop'): (24987370.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (245921967.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'potato crop'): (5856984.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (17267792.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (262044653.0, 0.0),
('Pepper bell healthy', 'tomato canker'): (8577320.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Potato Late blight'): (293333359.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Potato healthy'): (144637140.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (322052756.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Strawberry healthy'): (211477080.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (545358652.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Early blight'): (349738298.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Late blight'): (543722418.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (314326476.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (502764532.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (465698512.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (393684808.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (221598422.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'Tomato healthy'): (418754954.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'algal leaf in tea'): (184419616.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'anthracnose in tea'): (202469534.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (212908303.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'brown blight in tea'): (146156374.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'corn crop'): (161116982.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'healthy tea leaf'): (175557324.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'potato crop'): (55818402.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'potato hollow heart'): (153741002.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (173008429.0, 0.0),
('Potato Early blight', 'tomato canker'): (110082309.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Potato healthy'): (211103806.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (344568257.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Strawberry healthy'): (257703429.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (559616182.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Early blight'): (363183677.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Late blight'): (446727411.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (369055805.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (480592638.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (492309390.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (445124874.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (262702921.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'Tomato healthy'): (306313856.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'algal leaf in tea'): (213637934.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'anthracnose in tea'): (207105995.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (133258901.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'brown blight in tea'): (204482621.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'corn crop'): (22284388.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'healthy tea leaf'): (205581765.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'potato crop'): (4411632.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'potato hollow heart'): (18311840.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (222520685.0, 0.0),
('Potato Late blight', 'tomato canker'): (6765387.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Strawberry Leaf scorch'): (181288739.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Strawberry healthy'): (91647077.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (401101861.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Early blight'): (200612312.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Late blight'): (284432622.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (205296077.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (317935897.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (333158794.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (283533006.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (97793827.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'Tomato healthy'): (172627843.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (47731502.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (38798119.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (26946682.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (50297804.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'corn crop'): (6037962.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (39460694.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'potato crop'): (520564.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (3474497.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (55878849.0, 0.0),
('Potato healthy', 'tomato canker'): (528687.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Strawberry healthy'): (229714470.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (564820592.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Early blight'): (358594226.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Late blight'): (457718319.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (334241417.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (471814869.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (474879546.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (423116140.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (228738812.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'Tomato healthy'): (353083804.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'algal leaf in tea'): (198207765.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'anthracnose in tea'): (187349609.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (138512348.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'brown blight in tea'): (174014544.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'corn crop'): (57585100.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'healthy tea leaf'): (190111034.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'potato crop'): (9777638.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'potato hollow heart'): (46126736.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (182632887.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry Leaf scorch', 'tomato canker'): (22171053.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Bacterial spot'): (449881309.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Early blight'): (247447583.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Late blight'): (344441299.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (253494413.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (369236475.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (379630424.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (335338924.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (144846201.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'Tomato healthy'): (230848313.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (94407923.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (87848838.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (61094740.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (84729974.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'corn crop'): (17219081.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (86189582.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'potato crop'): (3136546.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (13129966.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (90994866.0, 0.0),
('Strawberry healthy', 'tomato canker'): (6114346.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Early blight'): (574853210.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Late blight'): (675750749.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (551579239.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (692252065.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (707786221.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (637061706.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (448552334.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (552781200.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (432464007.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (417246210.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (304208931.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'brown blight in tea'): (394554223.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'corn crop'): (109591043.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (425037903.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'potato crop'): (24121246.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'potato hollow heart'): (82650282.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (404328810.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Bacterial spot', 'tomato canker'): (43305993.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Late blight'): (484107209.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (352107023.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (494918841.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (504505856.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (440568759.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (245932399.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'Tomato healthy'): (367934618.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'algal leaf in tea'): (223633994.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'anthracnose in tea'): (215946077.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (149635895.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'brown blight in tea'): (193635699.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'corn crop'): (43624000.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'healthy tea leaf'): (215699852.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'potato crop'): (5926563.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'potato hollow heart'): (34791720.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (200463720.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Early blight', 'tomato canker'): (10840477.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Leaf Mold'): (453650254.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (625171532.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (596810230.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (531528835.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (358254304.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'Tomato healthy'): (578427287.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'algal leaf in tea'): (316230458.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'anthracnose in tea'): (396905232.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (375619319.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'brown blight in tea'): (279879015.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'corn crop'): (246864788.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'healthy tea leaf'): (309083384.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'potato crop'): (66174132.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'potato hollow heart'): (237869103.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (299330647.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Late blight', 'tomato canker'): (138961016.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato Septoria leaf spot'): (471473665.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (481790465.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (446632702.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (250261388.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'Tomato healthy'): (330722662.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'algal leaf in tea'): (200767876.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'anthracnose in tea'): (193374743.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (144084996.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'brown blight in tea'): (198552455.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'corn crop'): (44827633.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'healthy tea leaf'): (192693090.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'potato crop'): (10329511.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'potato hollow heart'): (36754817.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (206219686.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Leaf Mold', 'tomato canker'): (14455450.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot',
'Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite'): (608733869.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'Tomato Target Spot'): (557971837.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (368416315.0,
0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (525870120.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (324316410.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (352957400.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (293448324.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'brown blight in tea'): (311404318.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'corn crop'): (150047950.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (317493444.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'potato crop'): (27744640.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'potato hollow heart'): (139385005.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (323809158.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Septoria leaf spot', 'tomato canker'): (65421000.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'Tomato Target Spot'): (568717082.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (377541900.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'Tomato healthy'): (497241884.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'algal leaf in tea'): (341738061.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'anthracnose in tea'): (333976658.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'bird eye spot in tea'): (268728516.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'brown blight in tea'): (326370339.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite', 'corn crop'): (79948392.0,
0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'healthy tea leaf'): (333877950.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite', 'potato crop'): (4180316.0,
0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'potato hollow heart'): (71841574.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite',
'red leaf spot in tea'): (333568121.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite', 'tomato canker'): (19505701.0,
0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'Tomato Tomato mosaic virus'): (340588603.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'Tomato healthy'): (402626123.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'algal leaf in tea'): (291743486.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'anthracnose in tea'): (284928155.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (202056774.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'brown blight in tea'): (276962390.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'corn crop'): (44322810.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'healthy tea leaf'): (283796183.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'potato crop'): (2908735.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'potato hollow heart'): (35540506.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (300181198.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Target Spot', 'tomato canker'): (5437080.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'Tomato healthy'): (249914303.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'algal leaf in tea'): (91906873.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'anthracnose in tea'): (85450098.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (71463627.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'brown blight in tea'): (90744323.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'corn crop'): (31139851.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'healthy tea leaf'): (83689848.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'potato crop'): (1247780.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'potato hollow heart'): (25547069.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (96873930.0, 0.0),
('Tomato Tomato mosaic virus', 'tomato canker'): (6619707.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'algal leaf in tea'): (222200548.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'anthracnose in tea'): (240902238.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (267873612.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'brown blight in tea'): (170296856.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'corn crop'): (192680605.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'healthy tea leaf'): (215012611.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'potato crop'): (63567107.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'potato hollow heart'): (184835000.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (194897023.0, 0.0),
('Tomato healthy', 'tomato canker'): (119377921.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'anthracnose in tea'): (37407635.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (32558679.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'brown blight in tea'): (40214817.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'corn crop'): (10624957.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (36670608.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'potato crop'): (773505.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (7044528.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (46593686.0, 0.0),
('algal leaf in tea', 'tomato canker'): (2057739.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'bird eye spot in tea'): (38317927.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'brown blight in tea'): (33826458.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'corn crop'): (21602087.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (30532471.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'potato crop'): (4482646.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (15347173.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (40698534.0, 0.0),
('anthracnose in tea', 'tomato canker'): (9212962.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'brown blight in tea'): (25918924.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'corn crop'): (32065986.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (26701490.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'potato crop'): (6657592.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (24032099.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (32668723.0, 0.0),
('bird eye spot in tea', 'tomato canker'): (13175775.0, 0.0),
('brown blight in tea', 'corn crop'): (8319761.0, 0.0),
('brown blight in tea', 'healthy tea leaf'): (31941238.0, 0.0),
('brown blight in tea', 'potato crop'): (388510.0, 0.0),
('brown blight in tea', 'potato hollow heart'): (4868374.0, 0.0),
('brown blight in tea', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (48884954.0, 0.0),
('brown blight in tea', 'tomato canker'): (648811.0, 0.0),
('corn crop', 'healthy tea leaf'): (10236922.0, 0.0),
('corn crop', 'potato crop'): (16624329.0, 0.0),
('corn crop', 'potato hollow heart'): (29660860.0, 0.0),
('corn crop', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (8202027.0, 0.0),
('corn crop', 'tomato canker'): (19442380.0, 0.0),
('healthy tea leaf', 'potato crop'): (771655.0, 0.0),
('healthy tea leaf', 'potato hollow heart'): (7039639.0, 0.0),
('healthy tea leaf', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (38326796.0, 0.0),
('healthy tea leaf', 'tomato canker'): (1413133.0, 0.0),
('potato crop', 'potato hollow heart'): (11003633.0, 0.0),
('potato crop', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (643961.0, 0.0),
('potato crop', 'tomato canker'): (8319477.0, 0.0),
('potato hollow heart', 'red leaf spot in tea'): (5131884.0, 0.0),
('potato hollow heart', 'tomato canker'): (13692018.0, 0.0),
('red leaf spot in tea', 'tomato canker'): (655852.0, 0.0)}
Wilcoxon Test:
Purpose: To compare two paired samples to assess whether their population mean ranks differ.
Results: The Wilcoxon test was performed for each pair of class labels. Most of the p-values are significantly low, indicating that the samples are different (rejecting the null hypothesis). This means that the perceptual hash values between different class labels show significant differences.
class1_name = df['ClassLabel'].unique()[0]
class2_name = df['ClassLabel'].unique()[1]
class1_hashes = df[df['ClassLabel'] == class1_name]['ImagePhash'].dropna().apply(lambda x: int(x, 16))
class2_hashes = df[df['ClassLabel'] == class2_name]['ImagePhash'].dropna().apply(lambda x: int(x, 16))
# Ensure sample sizes are the same and manageable
min_length = min(len(class1_hashes), len(class2_hashes), 5000)
class1_hashes = class1_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)
class2_hashes = class2_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)
if class1_hashes.nunique() == 1 or class2_hashes.nunique() == 1:
print('Cannot perform Wilcoxon test: one of the input arrays is constant.')
else:
stat, p = wilcoxon(class1_hashes, class2_hashes)
print(f'Wilcoxon Test between {class1_name} and {class2_name}')
print('Statistics=%.3f, p=%.3f' % (stat, p))
if p > 0.05:
print('Samples are similar (fail to reject H0)')
else:
print('Samples are different (reject H0)')
# Visualize the distribution of perceptual hashes
plt.figure(figsize=(14, 7))
sns.histplot(class1_hashes, color='blue', kde=True, label=class1_name)
sns.histplot(class2_hashes, color='orange', kde=True, label=class2_name)
plt.title(f'Distribution of Perceptual Hashes for {class1_name} and {class2_name}')
plt.xlabel('Perceptual Hash Value')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Wilcoxon Test between algal leaf in tea and anthracnose in tea Statistics=0.000, p=0.000 Samples are different (reject H0)
T-Test¶
min_length = min(len(class1_hashes), len(class2_hashes), 5000)
class1_hashes = class1_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)
class2_hashes = class2_hashes.sample(min_length, random_state=42)
stat, p = ttest_ind(class1_hashes, class2_hashes)
print('T-test between two classes')
print('Statistics=%.3f, p=%.3f' % (stat, p))
if p > 0.05:
print('Samples have same mean (fail to reject H0)')
else:
print('Samples have different mean (reject H0)')
T-test between two classes Statistics=2.262, p=0.024 Samples have different mean (reject H0)
Conclusion¶
The analysis of the perceptual hash values has provided valuable insights into the dataset's characteristics. The significant differences between class labels observed through the Wilcoxon test suggest that these labels have distinct features, even though these differences are not captured linearly by the perceptual hash values. This underscores the need for exploring alternative features and more advanced modeling techniques to improve class differentiation.
These findings are crucial for our project's goal of accurately identifying and categorizing different classes. By understanding that each class has distinct characteristics, we can tailor our detection models more precisely, enhancing their accuracy and reliability. This will ultimately enable us to develop robust machine learning models that can effectively address the project's objectives, leading to better outcomes and more informed decision-making.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image
grouped = df.groupby('ClassLabel')
# Plot the first 5 images for each class
for label, group in grouped:
print(label)
print('=====================')
# Create a figure with 5 subplots (1 row, 5 columns)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 5, figsize=(20, 4))
# Iterate over the first 5 rows of the group
for i in range(min(5, len(group))): # This ensures we don't go out of bounds if there are less than 5 images
img_path = group['ImagePath'].iloc[i]
img = Image.open(img_path)
# Plot the image in the i-th subplot
axes[i].imshow(img)
axes[i].set_title(label)
axes[i].axis('off')
# Hide any unused subplots if the group has less than 5 images
if len(group) < 5:
for j in range(len(group), 5):
axes[j].axis('off')
plt.show()
Apple Apple scab =====================
Apple Black rot =====================
Apple Cedar apple rust =====================
Apple healthy =====================
Bacterial leaf blight in rice leaf =====================
Blight in corn Leaf =====================
Brown spot in rice leaf =====================
Cherry (including sour) Powdery mildew =====================
Cherry (including_sour) healthy =====================
Common Rust in corn Leaf =====================
Corn (maize) healthy =====================
Grape Black rot =====================
Grape Esca Black Measles =====================
Grape Leaf blight Isariopsis Leaf Spot =====================
Grape healthy =====================
Gray Leaf Spot in corn Leaf =====================
Leaf smut in rice leaf =====================
Pepper bell Bacterial spot =====================
Pepper bell healthy =====================
Potato Early blight =====================
Potato Late blight =====================
Potato healthy =====================
Strawberry Leaf scorch =====================
Strawberry healthy =====================
Tomato Bacterial spot =====================
Tomato Early blight =====================
Tomato Late blight =====================
Tomato Leaf Mold =====================
Tomato Septoria leaf spot =====================
Tomato Spider mites Two spotted spider mite =====================
Tomato Target Spot =====================
Tomato Tomato mosaic virus =====================
Tomato healthy =====================
algal leaf in tea =====================
anthracnose in tea =====================
bird eye spot in tea =====================
brown blight in tea =====================
corn crop =====================
healthy tea leaf =====================
potato crop =====================
potato hollow heart =====================
red leaf spot in tea =====================
tomato canker =====================